In short: Atopic eczema is a long-term condition that causes dry, itchy, inflamed skin and tends to flare and settle. Most people manage it with regular emollients (moisturisers) every day and short courses of topical corticosteroids during flares, used at the right strength. If eczema is severe, not improving or affecting sleep and daily life, specialist treatments are available, usually through a dermatologist.

This guide, written by a Ready Health prescribing pharmacist and based on NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) and NHS guidance, explains how eczema is treated in the UK and when to get help.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

dry, itchy skin, which can be intense at night
red or inflamed patches on lighter skin; on darker skin these may look brown, purple or grey
thickened skin from repeated scratching
common areas: elbow creases, behind the knees, hands, face and neck

Eczema often starts in childhood and is linked to asthma, hay fever and food allergies. Triggers vary from person to person and can include soaps, heat, sweating, wool, stress, infections and house dust mites.

How is eczema treated?

1. Emollients every day

Emollients are the foundation of treatment, even when skin looks clear. They should be used generously and often, and used instead of soap for washing. The right product is often the one you find comfortable enough to use regularly; it can take some trial and error.

Safety note: the MHRA warns that emollients, including paraffin-free products, can soak into clothing and bedding and make them burn more easily. Do not smoke or go near naked flames when using them, and wash fabrics regularly.

2. Topical corticosteroids for flares

Steroid creams and ointments reduce inflammation. They come in different strengths (mild, moderate, potent and very potent), and the right one depends on how severe the eczema is and where it is on the body. Used as directed, they are effective and safe for most people.

apply to the affected skin once or twice a day as prescribed
use enough: a fingertip unit covers an area about the size of two adult palms
apply emollient and steroid at different times, leaving a gap between them
some people with frequent flares are advised to use a steroid on problem areas twice a week to prevent flares

The MHRA has highlighted rare reports of withdrawal reactions after long-term or inappropriate use of topical steroids, so use them as advised and review with a clinician if you need them continuously.

3. Other prescribed treatments

Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus ointment, pimecrolimus cream): non-steroid options, often used on the face or when steroids are not suitable
Antihistamines: not a routine treatment, but a short course of a sedating antihistamine may help sleep during severe itchy flares in some people
Antibiotics or antivirals: if eczema becomes infected

4. Specialist treatments for severe eczema

When eczema remains severe despite good use of topical treatments, a dermatologist may consider:

phototherapy (ultraviolet light treatment) in hospital
oral immunosuppressants such as ciclosporin, methotrexate or azathioprine
biological injections and JAK inhibitor tablets, which NICE has recommended for some people with moderate to severe eczema that has not responded to other systemic treatment

These treatments need specialist assessment, blood test monitoring and follow-up.

Do you need allergy tests for eczema?

Usually not. Most eczema is not caused by a food allergy. Allergy testing may be considered for young children with moderate or severe eczema that is not controlled, especially if there is a clear reaction to a food. Patch testing (for contact allergy) is a specialist test arranged by dermatology when allergic contact dermatitis is suspected. Avoid cutting out foods without advice, particularly for children.

When should you get help for eczema?

See a GP or pharmacist if eczema:

is not improving with emollients and the treatment you have
is affecting sleep, school, work or mood
looks infected: weeping, crusting, spreading redness, or feeling unwell

Get urgent same-day help if eczema suddenly becomes painful with clusters of small blisters or punched-out sores, especially with a fever. This can be eczema herpeticum, an infection with the cold sore virus that needs prompt treatment.

Frequently asked questions

Can eczema be cured?

There is no cure, but most people can control it well with the right treatment. Many children find it improves as they grow older.

Are steroid creams safe to use on the face?

Mild steroids can be used on the face for short periods when prescribed. Stronger ones are usually avoided there unless a clinician advises otherwise.

What is the best emollient for eczema?

There is no single best product. Ointments are greasier and more moisturising; creams and lotions are lighter. The best choice is one you will use regularly.

Should I see a dermatologist?

Referral to dermatology is usually considered if eczema is severe, not responding to treatment, the diagnosis is uncertain or specialist treatment is needed.

Key takeaways

Use emollients generously every day, including when skin is clear.
Treat flares early with a topical corticosteroid of the right strength.
Keep fabrics away from flames when using emollients.
Painful blisters with fever need urgent medical help.
Specialist treatments are available for severe eczema after dermatology assessment.

Sources and further reading

Last reviewed: October 2026 by Shamir Patel, Independent Prescribing Pharmacist, Ready Health. This article is general information and does not replace advice from your own clinician.

If your eczema is difficult to manage, you can book a private skin consultation at Ready Health in Standish, Wigan, to review your treatment plan and discuss whether referral to a specialist is needed.